Prevalence of helmintic infections in Brazilian Maxakali indigenous: a repeated cross-sectional design.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of intestinal parasites is known to be high among Amerindian populations; further, there are serious problems in the healthcare of these populations in Brazil. The Maxakali, located in the northeastern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil, is an indigenous group that still preserves many of its cultural aspects. This study aimed to compare the positivity rate of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in this ethnic group in epidemiological surveys conducted in 1972 and 2014. METHODS: Stool parasitological examinations were performed by the Kato-Katz technique during both periods in this population. In 2014, the parasitological diagnosis was also realized with the TF-Test® technique. RESULTS: In 1972, 270 inhabitants were examined. The positivity rates were 67.4% for Schistosoma mansoni, 72.9% for hookworms, 43.7% for Ascaris lumbricoides, and 23.7% for Trichuris trichiura. In 2014, 545 individuals were examined, and the positivity rates obtained were 45.7% for S. mansoni, 22.8% for hookworms, 0.6% for A. lumbricoides, and 2.8% for T. trichiura. CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of the parasitological surveys conducted in 1972 and 2014, indicates that the indigenous Maxakali remained neglected by the health and indigenous protection authorities during these four decades. The infection rate observed in 2014 for schistosomiasis and hookworm remains high, considering the current epidemiological view of these diseases in the Brazilian population.

Leadership and international collaboration on COVID-19 research: reducing the North-South divide?

The COVID-19 pandemic triggered unprecedented scientific efforts worldwide and launched several initiatives to promote international cooperation. Because international scientific collaborations between high-income countries (HICs) and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are not always balanced, analyzing research leadership helps to understand the global dynamics of knowledge production during COVID-19. In this study, we focused on HIC-LMIC collaborations on COVID-19 research in 469,937 scientific publications during the first 2 years of the pandemic (2020-2021). Co-authorship and authors' affiliation were used to identify international collaborations, according to country income level. The leadership analysis considered the countries of the first and last authors of publications. The results show that (i) most publications with international collaborations (49.3%) involved researchers from HICs and LMICs; (ii) collaborative research between HICs and LMICs addressed relevant public health needs; (iii) HIC-LMIC collaborations were primarily led by researchers from the United States, China, the United Kingdom, and India; (iv) most HIC-LMIC publications (44%) had shared leadership, with research interests linked to national expertise and global interests. This study contributes to the analysis of research collaborations on COVID-19 and sheds light on North-South relations in the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge.

Advancing drug repurposing research: Trends, collaborative networks, innovation and knowledge leaders.

The advancement of drug repurposing (DR) relies on scientific leadership and innovative institutions with access to knowledge. We performed a bibliometric and social network analysis (covering the period 2011-2020) to map the DR research trends and to identify innovation and knowledge leaders (IKLs). The indexing rate of DR publications has steadily increased. Major research areas included emerging viruses, cancer, methodological approaches, preclinical research, and infectious diseases. Government and academia accounted for nearly 65% of funding. Using a combination of network centrality metrics, 41 IKLs affiliated to central and pericentral institutions in the global research network were identified. These IKLs can facilitate the flow of knowledge and are best positioned to promote interactions within the network, with the potential to contribute significantly to advancing the DR field.

Geographic accessibility to cancer treatment in Brazil: A network analysis.

Background: Geographic accessibility to healthcare services is a fundamental component in achieving universal health coverage, the central commitment of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). For cancer patients, poor accessibility has been associated with inadequate treatment, worse prognosis, and poorer quality of life. Methods: We explored nationwide healthcare data from the SUS health information systems, and mapped the geographic accessibility to cancer treatment in two time-frames: 2009-2010 and 2017-2018. We applied social network analysis (SNA) to estimate the commuting route, flow, and distances travelled by cancer patients to undergo surgical, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy treatment. Findings: A total of 12,751,728 treatment procedures were analyzed. Overall, more than half of the patients (49·2 to 60·7%) needed to travel beyond their municipality of residence for treatment, a fact that did not change over time. Marked regional differences were observed, as patients living in the northern and midwestern regions of the country had to travel longer distances (weighted average of 296 to 870 km). Cancer care hubs and attraction poles were mostly identified in the southeast and northeast regions, with Barretos being the main hub for all types of treatment throughout time. Interpretation: Important regional disparities in the accessibility to cancer treatment in Brazil were revealed, suggesting the need to review the distribution of specialized care in the country. The data presented here contribute to ongoing research on improving access to cancer care and can provide reference to other countries, offering relevant data for oncological and healthcare service evaluation, monitoring, and strategic planning. Funding: This work was funded by the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - Fiocruz (Inova - no. 8451635123 to BPF) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq (no. 407060/2018-9 to BPF); Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - CAPES (scholarship to PCA, Finance Code 001); and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Inovação em Doenças de Populações Negligenciadas (INCT-IDPN). Resumo: A acessibilidade geográfica aos serviços de saúde é um componente fundamental para o alcance da cobertura universal de saúde, compromisso central do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Para pacientes com câncer, a baixa acessibilidade aos serviços especializados tem sido associada ao tratamento inadequado, piora no prognóstico e na qualidade de vida.Neste estudo, dados de saúde dos sistemas de informação em saúde do SUS foram utilizados para mapear a acessibilidade geográfica ao tratamento do câncer em dois períodos: 2009-2010 e 2017-2018. Aplicamos a análise de redes sociais (ARS) para estimar os fluxos de deslocamento e as distâncias percorridas por pacientes com câncer para receberem tratamento cirúrgico, radioterápico e quimioterápico.Um total de 12.751.728 procedimentos de tratamento foram analisados. Em geral, mais da metade dos pacientes (49,2 a 60,7%) precisaram se deslocar de seus municípios de residência para receber tratamento, fato que não mudou comparando os dois períodos de tempo analisados. Foram observadas importantes diferenças regionais no acesso. Pacientes residentes das regiões norte e centro-oeste do país tiveram que percorrer maiores distâncias para alcançar os serviços (média ponderada = 296 a 870 km). A maioria dos hubs e polos de atração para atendimento oncológico foram identificados nas regiões Sudeste e Nordeste, sendo o município de Barretos o principal hub para todos os tipos de tratamento ao longo do tempo.As disparidades de acessibilidade para o tratamento de câncer, alertam para a necessidade de revisar a distribuição dos serviços de atenção especializada no país. A metodologia e os resultados apresentados neste estudo contribuem para as pesquisas sobre a melhoria do acesso ao tratamento do câncer e podem servir como referência para outros países, oferecendo dados relevantes para avaliação, monitoramento e planejamento estratégico de serviços oncológicos e de saúde em geral.

Neglected tropical diseases in Brazil: lack of correlation between disease burden, research funding and output.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the correlation between the burden of seven priority neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) included in the Brazilian National Agenda of Priorities in Health Research - tuberculosis, Chagas disease, leprosy, malaria, leishmaniasis, dengue and schistosomiasis - and their respective research funding and output. METHODS: This retrospective review obtained data on disease burden from the Global Burden of Disease Study and funding data from open access sources. Publications were retrieved from Scopus and SciELO, and characterised according to the type of research conducted. Correlation between funding, research output and burden was assessed by comparing the 'expected' and 'observed' values for funding and publications relative to the proportional burden for each disease. RESULTS: There was an emphasis in basic biomedical research (average 30% of publications) and a shortage of health policy and systems (average 7%) and social sciences research (average 3%). Research output and funding were poorly correlated with disease burden. Tuberculosis, Chagas disease and schistosomiasis accounted for more than 75% of total NTD-related DALYs, but accounted for only 34% of publications. Leprosy, leishmaniasis and malaria, together, received 49% of NTD-related funding despite being responsible for only 9% of DALYs. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis evidenced a lack of correlation between disease burden, research output and government funding for priority NTDs in Brazil. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring health needs, research investments and outputs to inform policy and optimise the uptake of evidence for action, particularly in developing countries, where resources are scarce and the research capacity is limited. The results contribute to health policy by highlighting the need for improving coordination of scientific activities and public health needs for effective impact.

OBJECTIFS: Evaluer la corrélation entre la charge de sept maladies tropicales négligées (MTN) prioritaires incluses dans le programme national brésilien des priorités en matière de recherche en santé - tuberculose, maladie de Chagas, lèpre, paludisme, leishmaniose, dengue et schistosomiase - et leurs financements de recherche respectifs et les résultats. MÉTHODES: Cette revue rétrospective a obtenu des données sur la charge de morbidité de l'étude sur la Charge Globale des Maladies et des données de financement provenant de sources en accès publique. Les publications ont été extraites de Scopus et SciELO et caractérisées selon le type de recherche menée. La corrélation entre le financement, les résultats de la recherche et la charge a été évaluée en comparant les valeurs "attendues" et "observées" pour le financement et les publications par rapport à la charge proportionnel de chaque maladie. RÉSULTATS: L'accent a été mis sur la recherche biomédicale fondamentale (en moyenne 30% des publications) et une pénurie de politiques et de systèmes de santé (en moyenne 7%) et de recherche en sciences sociales (en moyenne 3%). Les résultats et le financement de la recherche étaient mal associés à la charge de morbidité. La tuberculose, la maladie de Chagas et la schistosomiase représentaient plus de 75% du total des EVCI, mais ne représentaient que 34% des publications. La lèpre, la leishmaniose et le paludisme, ensemble, ont reçu 49% des financements liés aux MTN alors qu'ils n'étaient responsables que de 9% des EVCI. CONCLUSIONS: L'analyse a mis en évidence une absence de corrélation entre la charge de morbidité, le résultat de la recherche et le financement de la plupart des MTN. Nos résultats soulignent l'importance du suivi des besoins en matière de santé, des investissements dans la recherche et des résultats pour éclairer les politiques et optimiser l'utilisation des données pour l'action, en particulier dans les pays en développement, où les ressources sont rares et la capacité de recherche est limitée. Les résultats contribuent à la politique de santé en soulignant la nécessité d'améliorer la coordination et la planification stratégique des activités scientifiques pour un impact efficace.

Bibliometric assessment and key messages of sporotrichosis research (1945-2018).

Background: Sporotrichosis has recently emerged as an important mycosis worldwide, with diverse transmission and epidemiologic profiles. For instance, in Brazil most cases are related to zoonotic transmission from naturally infected cats, and the majority of cases in China are due to external injury with environmental materials. Publications on sporotrichosis and on its etiologic agent may guide the direction of the research in this field. It can also define priorities for future studies. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the trends of global research in Sporothrix and sporotrichosis, based on publications records retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science databases for the period of 1945 to 2018. The overall productivity in the field, its geographical and temporal distribution, research themes, co-authorship networks, funding sources, and if audience and research findings are addressed in the abstracts. Results: A total of 4,007 unique publications involving 99 countries were retrieved, most of them published after 2000. Authors based on institutions from the United States of America and Brazil accounted for 57.4% of the publications. Brazil was the leading country in terms of research collaboration and networking, with co-authorship with 45 countries. The thematic mapping revealed a temporal shift from clinical to applied research. Despite the large number of countries publishing in this field, most of funded studies came from Brazil, Mexico, China, South Africa, or the United States of America. The analysis of content identified few specific public health recommendations for prevention, case-management, or research. Moreover, most papers do not have a clearly defined intended audience. Conclusion: As the research in this field is emerging in several countries, with the generation of a large amount of data, it is necessary that scientists strengthen efforts to translate the research results into practice to curb this neglected infection.

Promoción de la investigación de alta calidad en temas prioritarios para la salud en América Latina y el Caribe

[EXTRACTO]. La evidencia científica procedente de estudios de investigación de alta calidad es importante para mejorar la salud mundial y la equidad en la salud. En los entornos con recursos limitados, son esenciales los conocimientos y las herramientas que sean pertinentes a escala regional a fin de reforzar la efectividad de los servicios de salud y reducir la carga de enfermedad. La creación de sistemas nacionales de investigación en salud que se centren en las prioridades locales en América Latina y el Caribe puede facilitar la investigación de alta calidad y fortalecer la capacidad de realizarla. Durante los últimos 15 años, el gasto general en investigación y desarrollo en la región ha aumentado de 0,57% a 0,8% del producto interno bruto (PIB). Sin embargo, esta cifra es todavía muy inferior al nivel de la inversión en los países de la Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (2,5% a 2,8% del PIB)...

[EXTRACTO]. Evidências científicas provenientes de pesquisas de alta qualidade são importantes para melhorar a saúde e a equidade na saúde no nível globo. Quando os recursos são limitados, conhecimentos e ferramentas regionais relevantes são essenciais para fortalecer a efetividade dos serviços de saúde e reduzir a carga de doenças. A criação de sistemas nacionais de pesquisa em saúde focados nas prioridades locais na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC) pode facilitar a realização de pesquisas de alta qualidade e fortalecer a capacidade de realização de pesquisas. Nos últimos 15 anos, em geral o gasto com pesquisa e desenvolvimento na Região aumentou de 0,57% para 0,8% do produto interno bruto (PIB). Porém, esse nível ainda está muito aquém em relação ao nível dos investimentos feitos por países da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (2,5-2,8% do PIB)...

Research misconduct in health and life sciences research: A systematic review of retracted literature from Brazilian institutions.

BACKGROUND: Measures to ensure research integrity have been widely discussed due to the social, economic and scientific impact of research integrity. In the past few years, financial support for health research in emerging countries has steadily increased, resulting in a growing number of scientific publications. These achievements, however, have been accompanied by a rise in retracted publications followed by concerns about the quality and reliability of such publications. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to investigate the profile of medical and life sciences research retractions from authors affiliated with Brazilian academic institutions. The chronological trend between publication and retraction date, reasons for the retraction, citation of the article after the retraction, study design, and the number of retracted publications by author and affiliation were assessed. Additionally, the quality, availability and accessibility of data regarding retracted papers from the publishers are described. METHODS: Two independent reviewers searched for articles that had been retracted since 2004 via PubMed, Web of Science, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) and Google Scholar databases. Indexed keywords from Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) in Portuguese, English or Spanish were used. Data were also collected from the Retraction Watch website (www.retractionwatch.com). This study was registered with the PROSPERO systematic review database (CRD42017071647). RESULTS: A final sample of 65 articles was retrieved from 55 different journals with reported impact factors ranging from 0 to 32.86, with a median value of 4.40 and a mean of 4.69. The types of documents found were erratum (1), retracted articles (3), retracted articles with a retraction notice (5), retraction notices with erratum (3), and retraction notices (45). The assessment of the Retraction Watch website added 8 articles that were not identified by the search strategy using the bibliographic databases. The retracted publications covered a wide range of study designs. Experimental studies (40) and literature reviews (15) accounted for 84.6% of the retracted articles. Within the field of health and life sciences, medical science was the field with the largest number of retractions (34), followed by biological sciences (17). Some articles were retracted for at least two distinct reasons (13). Among the retrieved articles, plagiarism was the main reason for retraction (60%). Missing data were found in 57% of the retraction notices, which was a limitation to this review. In addition, 63% of the articles were cited after their retraction. CONCLUSION: Publications are not retracted solely for research misconduct but also for honest error. Nevertheless, considering authors affiliated with Brazilian institutions, this review concluded that most of the retracted health and life sciences publications were retracted due to research misconduct. Because the number of publications is the most valued indicator of scientific productivity for funding and career progression purposes, a systematic effort from the national research councils, funding agencies, universities and scientific journals is needed to avoid an escalating trend of research misconduct. More investigations are needed to comprehend the underlying factors of research misconduct and its increasing manifestation.

Mapping the Brazilian microscopy landscape: A bibliometric and network analysis.

Understanding how a technology is introduced and shared in a society has a strategic value for the planning of technological development and assessing new market opportunities. Among other technologies, microscopy has had a significant role in advancing different fields of science. In Brazil, its use spans from biomedical to engineering areas. Here, we used social network analysis (SNA) to map and quantify the flow of interaction between Brazilian researchers involved in microscopy techniques. The analysis examines co-occurrence of thematic networks and scientific co-authorship in articles published in a ten years window, as retrieved from Scopus database. The results showed an increasing volume of publications using microscopy in Brazil. The two major areas of interest are material and life sciences, which present significant intra-regional interaction. USA, Spain, Germany, Portugal and the United Kingdom are the main partner countries for international scientific collaborations. The share of Brazilian publications applying microscopy follows the global trends, with a slight predominance in health and life sciences. Our results provide a context of the strengths and gaps of the field in Brazil and may help to inform researchers and policy makers for further advancing the field.

South-south collaboration on HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment research: when birds of a feather rarely flock together.

BACKGROUND: South-south collaboration on health and development research is a critical mechanism for social and economic progress. It allows sharing and replicating experiences to find a "southern solution" to meet shared health challenges, such as access to adequate HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment. This study aimed to generate evidence on the dynamics of south-south collaboration in HIV/AIDS research, which could ultimately inform stakeholders on the progress and nature of collaboration towards increased research capacities in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). METHODS: Bibliometric and social network analysis methods were used to assess the 10-year (2006-2015) scientific contribution of LMIC, through the analysis of scientific publications on HIV/AIDS prevention and/or treatment. Five dimensions oriented the study: knowledge production, co-authorship analysis, research themes mapping, research types classification and funding sources. RESULTS: Publications involving LMIC have substantially increased overtime, despite small expression of south-south collaboration. Research themes mapping revealed that publication focus varied according to collaborating countries' income categories, from diagnosis, opportunistic infections and laboratory-based research (LMIC single or LMIC-LMIC) to human behavior and healthcare, drug therapy and mother to child transmission (LMIC-HIC). The analysis of research types showed that south-south collaborations frequently targeted social sciences issues. Funding agencies acknowledged in south-south collaboration also showed diverse focus: LMIC-based funders tended to support basic biomedical research whereas international/HIC-based funders seem to cover predominantly social sciences-oriented research. CONCLUSIONS: Although the global environment has fostered an increasing participation of LMIC in collaborative learning models, south-south collaboration on HIV/AIDS prevention and/or treatment research seemed to be lower than expected, stressing the need for strategies to foster these partnerships. The evidence presented in this study can be used to strengthen a knowledge platform to inform future policy, planning and funding decisions, contributing to the development of enhanced collaboration and a priority research agenda for LMICs.

Dengue research networks: building evidence for policy and planning in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The analysis of scientific networks has been applied in health research to map and measure relationships between researchers and institutions, describing collaboration structures, individual roles, and research outputs, and helping the identification of knowledge gaps and cooperation opportunities. Driven by dengue continued expansion in Brazil, we explore the contribution, dynamics and consolidation of dengue scientific networks that could ultimately inform the prioritisation of research, financial investments and health policy. METHOD: Social network analysis (SNA) was used to produce a 20-year (1995-2014) retrospective longitudinal evaluation of dengue research networks within Brazil and with its partners abroad, with special interest in describing institutional collaboration and their research outputs. RESULTS: The analysis of institutional co-authorship showed a significant expansion of collaboration over the years, increased international involvement, and ensured a shift from public health research toward vector control and basic biomedical research, probably as a reflection of the expansion of transmission, high burden and increasing research funds from the Brazilian government. The analysis identified leading national organisations that maintained the research network connectivity, facilitated knowledge exchange and reduced network vulnerability. CONCLUSIONS: SNA proved to be a valuable tool that, along with other indicators, can strengthen a knowledge platform to inform future policy, planning and funding decisions. The paper provides relevant information to policy and planning for dengue research as it reveals: (1) the effectiveness of the research network in knowledge generation, sharing and diffusion; (2) the near-absence of collaboration with the private sector; and (3) the key central organisations that can support strategic decisions on investments, development and implementation of innovations. In addition, the increase in research activities and collaboration has not yet significantly affected dengue transmission, suggesting a limited translation of research efforts into public health solutions.

Co-authorship network analysis in health research: method and potential use.

Scientific collaboration networks are a hallmark of contemporary academic research. Researchers are no longer independent players, but members of teams that bring together complementary skills and multidisciplinary approaches around common goals. Social network analysis and co-authorship networks are increasingly used as powerful tools to assess collaboration trends and to identify leading scientists and organizations. The analysis reveals the social structure of the networks by identifying actors and their connections. This article reviews the method and potential applications of co-authorship network analysis in health. The basic steps for conducting co-authorship studies in health research are described and common network metrics are presented. The application of the method is exemplified by an overview of the global research network for Chikungunya virus vaccines.

Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Status in Patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Case-Control Study.

INTRODUCTION: Oxidative stress or oxidant/antioxidant imbalance has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of some diseases like cancer. Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) originates in the thyroid parafollicular cells and includes 3-4% of the malignant neoplasms that have an effect on this gland. The aetiology of MTC has not been clarified. However, oxidative stress may be one of the factors involved. AIM: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antioxidant enzyme activity of catalase (CAT), Glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the levels of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood samples of MTC patients as compared to healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study was designed enrolling patients with confirmed MTC diagnosis and age-and sex group matched healthy volunteers referred to the clinic of the Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran from April 2013 to July 2015. Fasting blood samples were taken for study. Catalase, GSH, MDA and TAC levels were measured by colorimetry using commercial kits (ZellBio GmbH, Germany). Data were analysed using SPSS 17 software, comparing mean±SD through t-test and difference between proportions through chi-square. RESULTS: No statistical difference was observed in the demographic characteristic between cases and controls. The final MTC group included 40 males and 45 females with a mean age of 30±12.9 year, and the control group 40 males and 47 females, with a mean age of 31.2±12.3 year. Anthropometric parameters, dietary and thyroid hormones levels (T3, T4 and TSH) were similar. Serum TAC (p=0.015), GSH (p=0.029) and CAT (p<0.001) levels were found to be significantly lower in the MTC patients, while serum MDA levels were significantly higher in MTC patients than controls (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings suggest that oxidant/antioxidant imbalance may be associated with or possibly indicate an increased risk to medullary thyroid carcinoma. Further studies are needed to explore these findings.

Building coherence and synergy among global health initiatives.

BACKGROUND: The fast growth of global health initiatives (GHIs) has raised concerns regarding achievement of coherence and synergy among distinct, complementary and sometimes competing activities. Herein, we propose an approach to compare GHIs with regard to their main purpose and operational aspects, using the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR/WHO) as a case study. The overall goal is to identify synergies and optimize efforts to provide solutions to reduce the burden of diseases. METHODS: Twenty-six long-established GHIs were identified from among initiatives previously associated/partnered with TDR/WHO. All GHIs had working streams that would benefit from linking to the capacity building or implementation research focus of TDR. Individual profiles were created using a common template to collect information on relevant parameters. For analytical purposes, GHIs were simultaneously clustered in five and eight groups according to their 'intended outcome' and 'operational framework', respectively. A set of specific questions was defined to assess coherence/alignment against a TDR reference profile by attributing a score, which was subsequently averaged per GHI cluster. GHI alignment scores for intended outcome were plotted against scores for operational framework; based on the analysis of coherence/alignment with TDR functions and operations, a risk level (high, medium or low) of engagement was attributed to each GHI. RESULTS: The process allowed a bi-dimensional ranking of GHIs with regards to how adequately they fit with or match TDR features and perspectives. Overall, more consistence was observed with regard to the GHIs' main goals and expected outcomes than with their operational aspects, reflecting the diversity of GHI business models. Analysis of coherence indicated an increasing common trend for enhancing the engagement of developing country stakeholders, building research capacity and optimization of knowledge management platforms in support of improved access to healthcare. CONCLUSIONS: The process used offers a broader approach that could be adapted by other GHIs to build coherence and synergy with peer organizations and helps highlight the potential contribution of each GHI in the new era of sustainable development goals. Emerging opportunities and new trends suggest that engagement between GHIs should be selective and tailored to ensure efficient collaborations.